What is a possible effect of long-term use of first-generation antipsychotics?

Long-term use of first-generation antipsychotics is associated with various side effects, one of the most significant being tardive dyskinesia (TD). Tardive dyskinesia manifests as involuntary, repetitive body movements, often involving the face, tongue, and extremities. This condition arises due to the dopamine receptor blockade caused by these antipsychotic drugs over extended periods. The risk of developing TD increases with the duration and dosage of the medication used, making it a well-recognized and concerning consequence of long-term treatment with these medications.

In contrast, improvements in cognitive function, mood stability, or sleep quality are not typical effects of long-term first-generation antipsychotic use and do not directly correlate with their pharmacological action, which primarily aims to reduce psychotic symptoms. Therefore, while these medications can be effective in managing certain psychotic disorders, they carry a significant risk of adverse effects like tardive dyskinesia, which can be debilitating.